exp(x, /, out=None, *, where=True, casting='same_kind', order='K', dtype=None, subok=True[, signature, extobj])

Some inconsistencies with the Dask version may exist.

Calculate the exponential of all elements in the input array.

Notes

The irrational number e is also known as Euler's number. It is approximately 2.718281, and is the base of the natural logarithm, ln (this means that, if $x = \ln y = \log_e y$ , then $e^x = y$ . For real input, exp(x) is always positive.

For complex arguments, x = a + ib , we can write $e^x = e^a e^{ib}$ . The first term, $e^a$ , is already known (it is the real argument, described above). The second term, $e^{ib}$ , is $\cos b + i \sin b$ , a function with magnitude 1 and a periodic phase.

Parameters

x : array_like

Input values.

out : ndarray, None, or tuple of ndarray and None, optional

A location into which the result is stored. If provided, it must have a shape that the inputs broadcast to. If not provided or None, a freshly-allocated array is returned. A tuple (possible only as a keyword argument) must have length equal to the number of outputs.

where : array_like, optional

This condition is broadcast over the input. At locations where the condition is True, the :None:None:`out` array will be set to the ufunc result. Elsewhere, the :None:None:`out` array will retain its original value. Note that if an uninitialized :None:None:`out` array is created via the default out=None , locations within it where the condition is False will remain uninitialized.

**kwargs :

For other keyword-only arguments, see the ufunc docs <ufuncs.kwargs> .

Returns

out : ndarray or scalar

Output array, element-wise exponential of x. This is a scalar if x is a scalar.

This docstring was copied from numpy.exp.

See Also

exp2

Calculate 2**x for all elements in the array.

expm1

Calculate exp(x) - 1 for all elements in the array.

Examples

Plot the magnitude and phase of exp(x) in the complex plane:

This example is valid syntax, but we were not able to check execution

>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt  # doctest: +SKIP

This example is valid syntax, but we were not able to check execution

>>> x = np.linspace(-2*np.pi, 2*np.pi, 100)  # doctest: +SKIP
... xx = x + 1j * x[:, np.newaxis] # a + ib over complex plane  # doctest: +SKIP
... out = np.exp(xx)  # doctest: +SKIP

This example is valid syntax, but we were not able to check execution

>>> plt.subplot(121)  # doctest: +SKIP
... plt.imshow(np.abs(out),  # doctest: +SKIP
...            extent=[-2*np.pi, 2*np.pi, -2*np.pi, 2*np.pi], cmap='gray')
... plt.title('Magnitude of exp(x)')  # doctest: +SKIP

This example is valid syntax, but we were not able to check execution

>>> plt.subplot(122)  # doctest: +SKIP
... plt.imshow(np.angle(out),  # doctest: +SKIP
...            extent=[-2*np.pi, 2*np.pi, -2*np.pi, 2*np.pi], cmap='hsv')
... plt.title('Phase (angle) of exp(x)')  # doctest: +SKIP
... plt.show()  # doctest: +SKIP

See :

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