>>> """
====================================================
Creating boxes from error bars using PatchCollection
====================================================

In this example, we snazz up a pretty standard error bar plot by adding
a rectangle patch defined by the limits of the bars in both the x- and
y- directions. To do this, we have to write our own custom function
called ``make_error_boxes``. Close inspection of this function will
reveal the preferred pattern in writing functions for matplotlib:

  1. an `~.axes.Axes` object is passed directly to the function
  2. the function operates on the ``Axes`` methods directly, not through
     the ``pyplot`` interface
  3. plotting keyword arguments that could be abbreviated are spelled out for
     better code readability in the future (for example we use *facecolor*
     instead of *fc*)
  4. the artists returned by the ``Axes`` plotting methods are then
     returned by the function so that, if desired, their styles
     can be modified later outside of the function (they are not
     modified in this example).
"""
... 
... import numpy as np
... import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
... from matplotlib.collections import PatchCollection
... from matplotlib.patches import Rectangle
... 
... # Number of data points
... n = 5
... 
... # Dummy data
... np.random.seed(19680801)
... x = np.arange(0, n, 1)
... y = np.random.rand(n) * 5.
... 
... # Dummy errors (above and below)
... xerr = np.random.rand(2, n) + 0.1
... yerr = np.random.rand(2, n) + 0.2
... 
... 
... def make_error_boxes(ax, xdata, ydata, xerror, yerror, facecolor='r',
...                      edgecolor='none', alpha=0.5):
... 
...     # Loop over data points; create box from errors at each point
...     errorboxes = [Rectangle((x - xe[0], y - ye[0]), xe.sum(), ye.sum())
...                   for x, y, xe, ye in zip(xdata, ydata, xerror.T, yerror.T)]
... 
...     # Create patch collection with specified colour/alpha
...     pc = PatchCollection(errorboxes, facecolor=facecolor, alpha=alpha,
...                          edgecolor=edgecolor)
... 
...     # Add collection to axes
...     ax.add_collection(pc)
... 
...     # Plot errorbars
...     artists = ax.errorbar(xdata, ydata, xerr=xerror, yerr=yerror,
...                           fmt='none', ecolor='k')
... 
...     return artists
... 
... 
... # Create figure and axes
... fig, ax = plt.subplots(1)
... 
... # Call function to create error boxes
... _ = make_error_boxes(ax, x, y, xerr, yerr)
... 
... plt.show()
... 
... #############################################################################
... #
... # .. admonition:: References
... #
... #    The use of the following functions, methods, classes and modules is shown
... #    in this example:
... #
... #    - `matplotlib.axes.Axes.errorbar` / `matplotlib.pyplot.errorbar`
... #    - `matplotlib.axes.Axes.add_collection`
... #    - `matplotlib.collections.PatchCollection`
...